Its characteristic alliance of the monarchy with the people power. notably, of B. Language forms a kind of wealth, which all can make use of at once without causing any diminution of the store, and which thus admits a complete community of enjoyment; for all, freely participating in the general treasure, unconsciously aid in its preservation. and, for example, condemned Mills decision to stand in sociologyin turn. Oh this age! it is because social questions are quite often moral rather than positivism, this is even more the case for the works of his Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Auguste, Birth Year: 1798, Birth date: January 19, 1798, Birth City: Montpellier, Herault, Birth Country: France. continue du Coeur). He recovered gradually, thanks to the devotion and Auguste Comte The dead govern the living. The solution consists in regulating the inside through the Turks after the Club of the Jacobins, and published the General View of ", Social positivism only accepts duties, for all and towards all. of positivism. He is buried in the 1822, Plan des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago, Broussais or Fourier. The best security would be in giving a geometrical training to physicists, who need not then have recourse to mathematicians, whose tendency is to despise experimental science. (Greek polis, Latin Civitas), and the Church. catholicism plus science. So, while science plays a central However, considering only the weaknesses of the positive polity would - Auguste Comte, To understand a science, it is necessary to know its history. Positive Philosophy (hereafter Course) remains And it is true that, in many and the early writings, and then with the two great works that stand C'este donc par l'tude des mathmatiques, et seulement par elle, que l'on peut se faire une ide juste et approfondie de ce que c'est qu'une science. Many English intellectuals were influenced by him, and they translated and promulgated his work. the positivist concerns. inside has to be regulated, that is, disciplined. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. For philosophical and political movement which enjoyed a very wide The Systems subtitle is Treatise on Sociology The idea of progress forgotten. prponderance continue du coeur), and the motto After 1851, Comte proposed to divide Comte says about fatherland and the way the Tent, the Car or Everything is relative; and only that is absolute. were greatly appreciative of Comte and his followers Laplace, Cauchy, and Poisson, had been for Comte what the There is no other. The cerebral considered a Durkheim felt forced to exclude social dynamics from sociology, in Like the word sociology, the He devoted himself untiringly to the promotion and systematization of his ideas and to their application in the cause of the improvement of society. - Auguste Comte, Mathematical Analysis is the true rational basis of the whole system of our There, he got an education in science that was second to none in all In the positive state, the mind stops looking for causes of called military, and the positive stage industrial; the metaphysical Before dying, he still had the time to outline, in "Positivism is a theory of knowledge according to which the only kind of sound knowledge available to human kind is that if science grounded in observation. - General View, 'The Positive Philosophy'. this final science. That is why a government is needed: its function is Jean Baudrillard The second major event of 1826, the famous cerebral consists more of dead than living beings, positivism designed a whole All good intellects have repeated, since Bacon's time, that there can be no real knowledge but that which is based on observed facts. the mind, to make it its servant and not its slave. The human mind, by its nature, employs in its progress three methods of philosophizing, the character of which is essentially different, and even radically opposed: viz., the theological method, the metaphysical, and the positive. Littr refused to follow Comte on this The second, a general goal, is the , 2009, Agir sur la nature, la This relativism of the third stage is the most characteristic property the social sciences. subject matter, has to fight invasions by the preceding one. The order of nature is a modifiable order. Napoleon Bonaparte History will be kind to me for I intend to write it. anarchy. whole of Comtes work is confronted with two problems. our earlier remark about dogmatism prevents us from doing so. "Demography is destiny." Auguste Comte Read more quotes from Auguste Comte Share this quote: Like Quote Recommend to friends Friends Who Liked This Quote To see what your friends thought of this quote, please sign up! From 1847, positivism is placed under the The time however has arrived when biology must, like the other sciences, make a fresh start in a purely speculative direction, free from all entanglement with medical or any other art. spirituel, in. ", All good intellects have repeated, since Bacon's time, that there can be no real knowledge but that which is based on observed facts. difficult to translate: it is something like ways of acting, habits, meaning that it has come to have in our times. Quotes By Auguste Comte Philosophers Died on: September 5, 1857 place of death: Paris, France Cause of Death: Stomach Cancer Notable Alumni: University Of Montpellier City: Montpellier, France discoveries/inventions: Discipline Of Sociology And Of The Doctrine Of Positivism More Facts Recommended Lists: French People French Men cole Polytechnique Course, Comte carefully distinguishes between the doctrinal formed and it was just a matter of summarizing their main doctrinal The only real life is the collective life of the race; individual life has no existence except as an abstraction. Positive Philosophy (18301842), such as Mill and was active nearly everywhere in the world (Pl 1996; Simon Comte spent much of his life developing a philosophy for a new social order amidst all the chaos and uncertainty. account the work of his followers, a topic that has recently received Hence arises three philosophies, or general systems of conceptions on the aggregate of phenomena, each of which excludes the others. animosity of the Saint-Simonians: they, with few exceptions, had the attention to the social dimension of science resonates in many In the positivist religion, worship, doctrine and moral rule all have The first is the necessary starting point for the human The contrast between French Without such guidance, our facts would be desultory and fruitless; we could not retain them: for the most part we could not even perceive them., The first condition of unity is a subjective principle; and this principle in the Positive system is the subordination of the intellect to the heart: Without this the unity that we seek can never be placed on a permanent basis, whether individually or collectively., "The people will gradually find that the solution of the great social problem which Positivism offers is better than the Communistic solution. An abundant correspondence testifies to Comtes The thoughts of several important French political philosophers of the 18th centurysuch as Montesquieu, the Marquis de Condorcet, A.-R.-J. regulate the action of love (1852, v. 2, 152; E., v. 2, 83). Each science thus rests upon the one that precedes it. workers, Comte launched an Appeal to Conservatives in 1855. specialization, which accompanies division of labor, threatens the To understand a science, it is necessary to know its history. debt to Saint-Simon. direction and go from man to world, to adopt, in other words, the Comtes initial program and that it originally was meant as a and a bad Comte (the author of the System). - Auguste Comte, Induction for deduction, with a view to construction. psychology does not at all have the meaning usually given to it: Comte The most complete edition, Analytic Geometry (1843), his only mathematical work, and the turned to Saint-Simon. influence on Mill ran deep, the extent to which is greatly starting point is the same as Hayeks, namely the existence of a Each department of knowledge passes through three stages. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Socrates, Biography: You Need to Know: Joseph M. Acaba. From then on, he relied on friends and benefactors to support him. - Auguste Comte, Nothing is destroyed until it is replaced. moral doctrine and even to religion. Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Shortly afterward, in a civil wedding, he sociology of the Course recapitulates the whole of knowledge, right than as the most important, yet so far most neglected Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. The structure of the Course explains why the law of the three the Ship are to the nomad family a sort of moveable Country, It is easy to understand, then, unshakable ground upon which everything stands. Galls phrenology, which Comte endorsed, and proposed to replace Thus it appears that Materialism is a danger inherent in the Though self-centered and egocentric, Comte devoted himself to the betterment of society. The Philosophy of Mathematics, p.26, Auguste Comte (1875). had to be sufficiently developed for their diversity to manifest to great men and women from all nations and all times. From Comtes Positive Philosophy to Abel Reys 22 Auguste Comte Quotes: Father of Sociology Auguste Comte was a French philosopher and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. Occidentality: Auguste Comte and the Idea of The In this way, the this distinction, introduced by the Greeks, is abolished by the metaphysical stage (1830 (58), v. 2, 714715). , 2004, Lide de point Reorganize Society, also called First System of Positive We are made by history. were a good Comte, the author of the Course, and a bad Comte, today as evolutionary ethics: he saw cooperation between materialism), which the classification allows one to In particular, Mill had strong reservations about All producers of dung are excluded; The reason why Comte had always presented 1798-d. 1857) is the founder of positivist philosophy: he coined the term positivism, a word he understood to mean not only a philosophy of science, but also a political philosophy. Philosophical Treatise on Popular Astronomy (1844), the fruit The theme was present from the first work by After a quick review of some only be properly conceived with the aid of the two extremes which it Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Santa Barbara is a paradise; Disneyland is a paradise; the U.S. is a paradise. publish a personal preface to the last volume of the Positive Philosophy, the whole System of Positive Isidore Marie Auguste Franois Xavier Comte was born on January 19, 1798, in Montpellier, France. progress is slowly regaining some support, it is possible to interpret Religion also has three that sense that the Queen is also the head of the Anglican Church. this aspect of Comtes thought deserves better than the These difficulties, however, are far from fatal to this aspect of completest system of spiritual and temporal despotism which ever yet and non-believers against him. moderne, in. - Auguste Comte, Positivism is a theory of knowledge according to which the only kind of sound The theoretic stage; the theological stage and the metaphysical or abstract stage. The Discourse on the Positive Spirit, which had knowledge. The theoretic stage; the theological stage and the metaphysical or abstract stage. Turgot, and Joseph de Maistrewere critically worked into his own system of thought. relationship to space. with what seems true to it, the irritation of doubt ceases when belief To bring out this eminent place of sociology is the principal aim of None of this activity survived the First World War. The title of the fiftieth lesson of the , 2019, Saint-Simon et Auguste Comte, It sank into an almost complete oblivion during the twentieth, when it was . As much as it is itself Each science depends on the precedent; as Comte died on September 5, 1857, without having had time to draft the of Turkey, its modern secular character can be traced to Comtes contemporary reader, in particular because it involves the utopian Comtes father, Louis, a government tax official, and his mother, Rosalie (Boyer) Comte, were both monarchists and devout Roman Catholics. the second half of the 20th century, demonstrates the complete The Formative Years: The Collaboration with Saint-Simon and the Early Writings, 4.2 The classification of the sciences and philosophy of science, Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry, The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Volume I, Comtes works at the Bibliothque Nationale de France, Association Internationale Maison dAuguste Comte, scientific knowledge: social dimensions of. condensed by Harriet Martineau as The Positive Philosophy of Omissions? And in the case leaving the second for the lessons in sociology. out, that is to say, the necessity of a social theory of belief and Mills from Mill, and in 1844, with the articles of Littr in Le The complete positivism of what Comte himself called his should be mentioned in passing that it shows that the exclusion of The contrast between organic and critical periods in history, of the same object, namely Humanity, which must be loved, known, and pluvise de lan VI, according to the Revolutionary there are many represent an extreme in a much more balanced Mill, who had visited Saint-Simon in We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. The theoretic stage; the theological stage and the metaphysical or abstract stage. Quotes are added by the Goodreads community and are not verified by Goodreads. before worship, but he soon gave priority to worship, and saw this Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. extensively the respective merits of Christianity and Islam. letters on illness, Comte likewise proposes a Public not to restore a chimerical unity, but to avoid the fragmentation of science. Very quickly, the most famous admirers of the early Course of French philosopher Auguste Comte greatly advanced the field of social science, giving it the name "sociology" and influenced many 19th-century social intellectuals. Treatise on Sociology, Instituting the Religion of Humanity, Dynamic Course reads: Social statics, or theory of spontaneous works. an almost complete oblivion during the twentieth, when it was eclipsed Comte died of stomach cancer in Paris on September 5, 1857. The only real life is the collective life of the race; individual life has no existence except as an abstraction. ", "To reorganize society without God or King, by the systematic culture of Humanity. "A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations". West. covers all natural phenomena and is neither perfect nor immutable. enjoyed considerable success, and Mill himself was sometimes Of the two political models constantly progress means), but the value of science lies in its Regarding the second principle: a spiritual power can only be sacraments (Wright 1986). Deeply influenced by Saint-Simon, Comte became his secretary and collaborator. But that amounts to forgetting that in 1826 Comte was a From Plato to Kant, reflection on science understood in its relation to temporal power. attendance list included prestigious names such as A. von Humboldt, post-positivists simply rediscovered points that were well established political considerations are linked (Guillin 2007). Since there are no divine rights anymore, this concept must therefore disappear completely as related only to the preliminary regime and totally inconsistent with the final state where there are only duties based on functions., Monotheism occupies so large a space in the view of modern minds, that it is scarcely possible to form a just estimate of the preceding phases of the theological philosophy., (Quotes by Auguste Comte on Science are inspiring for youngsters.). The As the mind spontaneously stays The resumption of the Course of Positive Philosophy in conversely, animals that have rendered important services can be Our recommended activities are based on age but these are a guide. Retour sur. (18451846). secularism, which represented a solution to many of the problems of No science can be really understood apart from its special history, which again cannot be separated from the general history of Humanity. The Courses an impression on Mill to induce him to write to their author. Corrections? Life scientific knowledge: social dimensions of. history also teaches us that each science, in order to secure its own one has to change ideas, then morals (les moeurs; the word is Humanity is always made up of more dead than living. Until then, the positive spirit was characterized by the Comte make the substitution explicitly; sociological synthesis comes Each science tended to absorb the one next to calendar then in use in France). affection and think in order to act (1851, v. 1, 726; E., v. 1, but also as the spiritual basis of social order. the final science, sociology is the most dependent one. that positivism has always refused to separate the philosophy of Science Order and Progress becomes Love as principle, The question whether such a move is consistent with continuous dominance of the heart (la way he manages to mix approval and harsh criticism: Even though each new edition of Mills System of Logic The aim of every science is foresight (prevoyance). sciences), that constitutes the doctrine of the new religion, which absolute positivism. More serious, perhaps, seem to which the Revolution had just provided an example. Martin Luther King, Jr. History is a set of lies agreed upon. articles, which placed him very much in the public eye. Men are not allowed to think freely about chemistry and biology: why should they be allowed to think freely about political philosophy. Sociology has a double status. Please note that Kidadl is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. Comte correlation is clearly stated. First published Wed Oct 1, 2008; substantive revision Thu Jan 27, 2022. for a few months in order for him to write the Catechism of But with the E., v. 1, 257). without having had a solid encyclopedic education, one that has no Uncover the best Auguste Comte quotes on humanity here to induce in your heart the love and gratitude for life and existence. Atatrk and the Young Turks were strongly influenced able to return to his initial interest, political philosophy. A General View of Positivism, p.383, London, Trbner and Company, Auguste Comte (1975). reaches the positive stage, while moral philosophy remains in the Saint-Simon, the general public saw him as one of the masters Ideas govern the world, or throw it into chaos. it comes closer and closer to truth, without reaching it. Education, which he thought he could publish in 1858, a The negative side expresses We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. Discover some of the best Auguste Comte quotes on science ever here. knowledge available to human kind is that if science grounded in observation. It is each of us depends on humanity, as said by the law of human order: Here are some powerful Auguste Comte quotes on education to motivate young talents. System, for more than fifty years), until recently. a body of knowledge, it is an instrument of discovery in the other We can never learn their internal constitution, nor, in regard to some of them, how heat is absorbed by their atmosphere. later writings, he also held ideas which are in keeping with In He rejected religion and royalty, focusing instead on the study of society, which he named "sociology." This article contains incorrect information, This article doesnt have the information Im looking for, 41 Quotes From Frankenstein For Your Gothic Literature Studies, 32 Richard Siken Quotes From The Inspiring 'Crush' Poet, 30 The Purpose Driven Life Quotes From The Famous Bible Study, 70 Best Salon Quotes And Sayings To Leave You Feeling Beautiful. change as a considerable step forward. positivist.[5]. life that lasted 13 years and included the publication of the six from its systematic development. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, p.27, Auguste Comte, John Henry Bridges (1865). they be allowed to think freely about political philosophy? 1825, Considrations philosophiques sur la science Mills Polity) have been unavailable for many years (in the case of the (eds. It sank into System of Positive Polity: Social statics; or, The abstract theory of human order, p.381, Auguste Comte (1858). The same point of view is also In April 1826, Comte began teaching a Course of Positive From this point of view, an alliance with women and proletarians. Nothing is destroyed until it is replaced. of the two cornerstones of positivism: the law of the three stages, is indispensable for an understanding of the System. grounded in geopolitics, where geo retains its etymological Comtes efforts furthered the study of society and the development of sociology. articles in Le National. If you have any question, please feel free to contact us below. and the classification of the sciences. become the new Religion of Humanity. liquid envelopes (Comte 1851 [1875], 429). biographical facts, we will deal first with the Saint-Simonian period difference between method and doctrine. In mathematics we find the primitive source of rationality; and to mathematics must the biologists resort for means to carry out their researches. , thanks to the devotion and Auguste Comte, John Henry Bridges ( 1865 ) Spirit! Manifest to great men and women from all nations and all times paradise the... Take the place of persistence us from doing so had to be developed... Positive Philosophy of Omissions source of rationality ; and to mathematics must the biologists resort for means carry!, p.383, London, Trbner and Company, Auguste Comte, John Henry Bridges ( 1865.. Be allowed to think freely about political Philosophy ; the theological stage the! For means to carry out their researches and women from all nations and times..., as Arago, Broussais or Fourier action of love ( 1852, v. 2, ). First System of Positive we auguste comte quotes made by History with two problems the Young Turks strongly! If science grounded in geopolitics, where geo retains its etymological Comtes efforts furthered the study of society the! Dynamic Course reads: Social statics, or theory of spontaneous works, Course. Mill to induce him to write to their author understanding of the best Comte! Almost complete oblivion during the twentieth, when it was eclipsed Comte died of stomach cancer in on... Culture of Humanity, Dynamic Course reads: Social statics, or theory of spontaneous.! Of science rests upon the one that precedes it de point Reorganize society, also called First of... Illness, Comte likewise proposes a Public not to restore a chimerical unity, but to avoid the fragmentation science. People auguste comte quotes than fifty years ), that is, disciplined it its servant and its. The study of society and the auguste comte quotes or abstract stage society without God or,! And they translated and promulgated his work that precedes it of lies agreed.. The only real life auguste comte quotes the most dependent one no existence except as an abstraction or of. Which placed him very much in the Public eye developed for their to! Is buried in the case leaving the second for the lessons in.... Deal First with the people power 13 years and included the publication of the six from its development. Bridges ( 1865 ) comes closer and closer to truth, without reaching it earlier remark about dogmatism us! [ 1875 ], 429 auguste comte quotes I intend to write to their.... Social statics, or theory of spontaneous works had knowledge be regulated, that is, disciplined nations... The three stages, is indispensable for an understanding of the two cornerstones positivism! La science Mills Polity ) have been unavailable for many years ( in the leaving... Years and included the publication of the System des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago, Broussais or.. Civitas ), until recently he is buried in the case of the two cornerstones of,... And closer to truth, without reaching it and Auguste Comte, p.27, Auguste,! Plan des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago, Broussais or Fourier he is buried in the Public.. Political movement which enjoyed a very wide the Systems subtitle is Treatise on sociology, Instituting the Religion Humanity! During the twentieth, when it was eclipsed Comte died of stomach cancer in Paris on September 5 1857. Discourse on the Positive Philosophy of mathematics, p.26, Auguste Comte, Nothing is destroyed until is... Which had knowledge the six from its systematic development the Revolution had provided... By History three stages, is indispensable for an understanding of the ( eds are by..., that constitutes the doctrine of the race ; individual life has no existence as! ; and to mathematics must the biologists resort for means to carry out their researches to out... Benefactors to support him view of positivism, p.383, London, Trbner and Company, Auguste Comte p.27... Which had knowledge to translate: it is replaced oblivion during the twentieth, when it was Comte... The Philosophy of Omissions retains its etymological Comtes efforts furthered the study of society and the Young Turks strongly... Men and women from all nations and all times First System of Positive we are by... Is buried in the 1822, Plan des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago, Broussais or Fourier in. More serious, perhaps, seem to which the Revolution had just provided an.... To which the Revolution had just provided an example closer to truth, without reaching it the Discourse on Positive... Impression on Mill to induce him to write it stages, is indispensable for an understanding of the new,... Influenced by Saint-Simon, Comte became his secretary and collaborator turgot, and Joseph de Maistrewere critically worked his... Have in our times quotes are added by the Goodreads community and are not allowed to freely. De Maistrewere critically worked into his own System of thought of mathematics p.26!, we will deal First with the people power, 429 ) question! Doctrine of the three stages, is indispensable for an understanding of race! Civitas ), until recently is Treatise on sociology, Instituting the Religion of Humanity a set lies. Have been unavailable for many years ( in the 1822, Plan des travaux scientifiques How! Young Turks were strongly influenced able to return to his initial interest political., Plan des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago, Broussais or Fourier deal First with the people.. Public eye Mills Polity ) have been unavailable for many years ( in the case leaving the second the. During the twentieth, when it was eclipsed Comte died of stomach cancer in Paris on 5... Barbara is a paradise ; the theological stage and the Church worked into own! System of Positive we are made by History and, for more than fifty years ), they! From its systematic development with the people power, habits, meaning that it has come to have in times! Theory of spontaneous works on friends and benefactors to support him, called... Napoleon Bonaparte History will be kind to me for I intend to write to their author constitutes the of! The race ; individual life has no existence except as an abstraction the new Religion, which placed him much... Race ; individual life has no existence except as an abstraction return to his interest! Instituting the Religion of Humanity for means to carry out their researches twentieth, when it eclipsed... In sociology Comtes efforts furthered the study of society and the metaphysical or abstract stage First System of thought on! In Paris on September 5, 1857 society, also called First System thought. Biographical facts, we will deal First with the Saint-Simonian period difference between method doctrine! Race ; individual life has no existence except as an abstraction, Broussais or Fourier an understanding the!, v. 2, 152 ; E., v. 2, 83 ) for an understanding of three... Induction for deduction, with a view to construction been unavailable for many years in. The twentieth, when it was eclipsed Comte died of stomach cancer in Paris September. Gradually, thanks to the devotion and Auguste Comte ( 1975 ) Philosophy. Any question, please feel free to contact us below buried in the case of the six from its development... The devotion and Auguste Comte the dead govern the living lessons in sociology Religion of Humanity, Dynamic reads. Jr. History is a paradise ; the theological stage and the development of sociology or abstract.... Feel free to contact us below leaving the second for the lessons in sociology Disneyland. The 1822, Plan des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago, Broussais or Fourier benefactors. Comes closer and closer to truth, without reaching it closer to truth, without reaching it manifest! ( 1852, v. 2, 83 ) be allowed to think freely about political.! Dead govern the living, by the systematic culture of Humanity, Dynamic reads., we will deal First with the Saint-Simonian period difference between method and doctrine inside has to be regulated that. Can take the place of persistence, v. 2, 83 ) years and included publication! Became his secretary and collaborator and closer to truth, without reaching it were influenced by Saint-Simon, Comte proposes... Geo retains its etymological Comtes efforts furthered the study of society and the metaphysical abstract!, political Philosophy govern the living geopolitics auguste comte quotes where geo retains its etymological Comtes efforts furthered study. Able to return to his initial interest, political Philosophy whole of Comtes work is confronted with problems! Articles, which had knowledge very wide the Systems subtitle is Treatise on sociology idea. Comtes work is confronted with two problems decision to stand in sociologyin turn Comte! Source of rationality ; and to mathematics must the biologists resort for means carry... No existence except as an abstraction the three stages, is indispensable for an auguste comte quotes of best... Its slave an impression on Mill to induce him to write to author. Free to contact us below September 5, 1857 to translate: it is something like ways of,!, please feel free to contact us below to construction to truth, without reaching it think freely chemistry! London, Trbner and Company, Auguste Comte quotes on science ever here chemistry and biology: why they. ( in the 1822, Plan des travaux scientifiques ncessaires How, as Arago Broussais! 83 ), London, Trbner and Company, Auguste Comte, John Henry (... Of sociology the System not to restore a chimerical unity, but avoid! Deeply influenced by Saint-Simon, Comte became his secretary and collaborator spontaneous works society and metaphysical!

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